Okugatta enkola z’okutereka amaanyi ga bbaatule n’emikutu gy’amasannyalaze kikiikirira emu ku puzzle za yinginiya ezisinga okuzibuwalirwa ze tukola awamu mu kiseera kino. Era mu butuufu, gy’okoma okugisima mu buziba, gy’ekoma okutabula-mu ngeri esinga obulungi.
Waliwo ekintu kumpi eky'obulimba eky'enjawulo ku kibuuzo. Ofunye amasannyalaze okuva ku ggirita, olina bbaatule etudde awo, era mu ngeri emu oba endala beetaaga okwogera ne bannaabwe. Kigiteeke mu pulagi.Kiwedde. Kituufu?
Ekizibu ky’okukyuka tewali yakulabulako
Wano ekintu ekikwata ku bbaatule: byogera DC. Akasannyalazo akatereevu. Ekyuma ekiyitibwa grid? Byonna bya AC, alternating current, nga biwuuma ku 50 oba 60 Hz okusinziira ku kifo w’obeera. Bano ababiri mu butonde tebakwatagana.
Yingira enkola y’okukyusa amaanyi, etera okuyitibwa PCS mu nkulungo z’amakolero. Kilowoozeeko ng’omuvvuunuzi omukugu ennyo era akola mu njuyi zombi. Grid bw’eba n’amaanyi agasukkiridde era nga yeetaaga okucaajinga bbaatule, PCS ekyusa AC n’efuuka DC. Okwetaaga bwe kweyongera era nga weetaaga amasoboza ago agaterekeddwa okuddayo, gakyusa DC okudda ku AC ne gagisika ebweru. Amazina gano ag’enjuyi bbiri gabaawo nga gayita mu ekyo bayinginiya kye bayita okutereeza (AC to DC) n’okukyusakyusa (DC to AC). Okukyusakyusa wakati wa modes zino? Enkola ez’omulembe zisobola okukikola mu milisekondi ezitakka wansi wa 200. Blink era wandisubiddwa.
Okufiirwa kw'obulungi mu kiseera ky'okukyusa kwali kwa bukambwe-twogera 15-20% ku maanyi go agaterekeddwa nga gabulawo ng'ebbugumu. Enkola ez’omulembe zisindise ekyo wansi okutuuka ku bitundu nga 2-5%, ekiwulikika nga kitono okutuusa lw’oba okolagana n’okuteekebwa ku mutindo gwa megawatt n’otegeera nti ebitundu ebyo ku buli kikumi bivvuunulwa mu ssente entuufu ezifuluma mu mulyango.
Kiki ekikuuma ekintu kyonna obutakwata muliro
Enkola z’okuddukanya bbaatule. BMS. Bwe kiba nti PCS ye muvvuunuzi, BMS ye mukuumi alina ekiwuubaalo (paranoid security guard) atasula.
Battery pack ya lithium-ion si cell emu ennene yokka-kikumi oba enkumi n'enkumi z'obutoffaali ssekinnoomu obuyungiddwa waya. Buli katoffaali kalina engeri yaako, ebiwuniikiriza byako. Abamu basasula mangu. Abamu badduka nnyo. Abamu bakaddiwa mangu okusinga baliraanwa baabwe. Bwe zirekebwa nga teziddukanyizibwa, enjawulo zino zeeyongera. Obutoffaali obw’amaanyi bukola ekisusse. Abanafu bafuna okusindikibwa okuyita ku kkomo lyabwe. Oluvannyuma waliwo ekikyamu.
Thermal runaway kye kirooto ekibi. Akatoffaali akamu kabuguma nnyo, ne kaleetawo enkola y’enjegere mu butoffaali oburiraanyewo, era amangu ago n’ofuna omuliro ogumanyiddwa ennyo nga guzibu okuzikiza. BMS erondoola vvulovumenti, kasasiro, n’ebbugumu mu buli katoffaali-oluusi ng’ekebera ebipimo emirundi mingi buli sikonda-era n’eyingira mu nsonga ng’ebizibu tebinnaba kugwa. Singa akatoffaali kagenda kabuguma nnyo? Enkola eno eziyiza okucaajinga. Voltage okwekulukuunya waggulu nnyo? Kiddamu okugabanya omugugu. Ekintu ekikyamu ddala? Kikutulako pack yonna.
Okutebenkeza obutoffaali gwe mulimu omulala omukulu. Oluvannyuma lw’ekiseera, enjawulo entonotono mu mbeera z’obuvunaanyizibwa zikuŋŋaanyizibwa. BMS ekozesa oba passive balancing (okufulumya omusaayi off excess charge okuyita mu resistors-wasteful naye nga za buseere) oba active balancing (okutambuza amasoboza wakati w’obutoffaali-efficient naye nga za bbeeyi) okukuuma buli kimu nga kyenkana. Awatali kino, obusobozi bwa bbaatule yo obukozesebwa bukendeera okukwatagana n’akasenge kaayo akasinga obunafu.
Mu butuufu mwogereing okutuuka ku giridi
Okugatta si kuyungibwa kwa mubiri kwokka. Kikwata ku nkola z’empuliziganya, okwetaba mu katale, n’ekizibu ekyewuunyisa ekya analog eky’okukuuma amataala nga gaaka.
Abaddukanya emikutu-abantu abavunaanyizibwa ku kukakasa nti obwetaavu bukwatagana n’okugaba buli sikonda-bakozesa enkola za SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) okulondoola n’okufuga ebyuma mu mikutu gyabwe gyonna. Okuteeka bbaatule yo kwetaaga okuteekebwa mu nkola eno ey’obutonde. Ekyo kitegeeza okuteekawo enkolagana z’empuliziganya, emirundi mingi nga ziyita mu nkola za Modbus oba DNP3, ezireka omukozi wa giridi okulaba embeera yo ey’okusasula, obusobozi obuliwo, n’ebifulumizibwa mu kiseera kino mu kiseera ekituufu. Ekisinga obukulu, kitegeeza okukkiriza ebiragiro by’okusindika: charge kati, discharge kati, okuwa frequency support kati.
Okulungamya frequency-bbaatule gye zimasamasa ddala
Grid frequency erina okusigala mu tolerances ezinywevu ennyo. Mu North America, eyo eri 60 Hz. Mu Bulaaya, 50 Hz. Okukyama wadde 0.5 Hz kulaga obutakwatagana obw’amaanyi wakati w’omulembe n’omugugu. Omulembe omungi ennyo? Emirundi girinnya. Omugugu mungi nnyo? Kigwa wansi.
Amabibiro g’amasannyalaze ag’ennono gasobola okutereeza amaanyi gaago okuyamba okutereeza obutakwatagana buno, naye gagenda mpola. Okukyusa ttabiini ya ggaasi kitwala eddakiika ntono. Battery za bbaatule? Zisobola okuddamu mu milisekondi 100 ku 500. Sipiidi eno ezifuula ez’omuwendo ogw’enjawulo ku kye bayita okuddamu kwa frequency okusookerwako-okutereeza okw’amangu, okw’otoma okuziyiza obutakwatagana obutono okufuuka ebizibu ebinene.
Abaddukanya emikutu gya yintaneeti mu butuufu bajja kusasula empeereza eno. Mu katale ka Texas aka ERCOT, empeereza y’okulungamya frequency yakola ebitundu 87% ku nsimbi eziyingira mu kutereka bbaatule mu kitundu ekisooka ekya 2023. Australia’s Hornsdale Power Reserve-Tesla’s famous big battery-yafuna ssente ezisukka mu bukadde bwa ddoola 36 mu kwata emu, okusinga okuva mu mpeereza ya frequency. Eby’enfuna bikola kubanga bbaatule zisobola okukyusakyusa wakati w’okucaajinga n’okufulumya kumpi mu kaseera ako, ekintu tewali jenereta ya bulijjo esobola kukwatagana nayo.
Obwongo obuli waggulu ku bwongo
Waggulu wa BMS watuula enkola y’okuddukanya amaanyi oba EMS. Singa BMS yeeraliikirira okukuuma obutoffaali ssekinnoomu nga bulamu, EMS yeeraliikirira okufuula okuteekebwa kwonna okuba okw’amagoba.
EMS ekola enkola z’okulongoosa (optimisation algorithms) ezisalawo ddi lw’egenda okusasuza, ddi lw’efulumya, n’empeereza z’akatale z’egenda okukulembeza mu kiseera kyonna. Olina okuba ng’okola energy arbitrage mu kiseera kino-ng’ogula amasannyalaze ag’ekiro ku buseere n’ogatunda n’oddamu mu kiseera ky’oku ntikko akawungeezi? Oba wandibadde okwata obusobozi mu reserve for frequency regulation, ekiyinza okusasula obulungi? Ate okutuukiriza endagaano y’obusobozi gye wassaako omukono omwezi oguwedde? Okusalawo kuno kuzingiramu obubonero obw’emiwendo obw’ekiseera ekituufu-, okuteebereza embeera y’obudde (okukosa omulembe oguzzibwa obuggya), okulagula obwetaavu, n’ebiziyiza okuva mu BMS ku bbaatule kye zisobola okukwata mu butuufu.
Enkola ez’omulembe zeeyongera okukozesa okuyiga kw’ebyuma ku kuteebereza kuno. Si lwakuba nti eri ku mulembe, wabula lwakuba nti obutale bw’amasannyalaze buzibu ddala era n’enkola z’ebyafaayo zikulu. Omuntu ng’atunuulira ebipimo by’emiwendo n’ebikwata ku mbeera y’obudde teyasobola kusalawo kulongoosa kwe kumu ku sipiidi eyeetaagisa.
Okugatta kw’omubiri tewali ayogera ku
Waliwo hardware nnyingi ezikwatibwako ezitakwatagana bulungi mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo okussa essira ku software-. Transformers okulinnyisa voltage waggulu oba wansi. Switchgear okukuuma n’okwekutula. Enkola z’okunyogoza-oba empewo oba amazzi-kubanga ebyuma ebyo byonna eby’amaanyi bikola ebbugumu ddene. Enkola eziziyiza omuliro, ebiseera ebisinga za njawulo ezikoleddwa ku muliro gwa bbaatule za lithium. Paadi za seminti, olukomera, enguudo eziyingira.
Okunoonyereza ku kuyungibwa ku ggirita kwokka kuyinza okutwala emyezi. Olina okulaga nti okuteeka kwo tekujja kutabangula giridi ya wano, tekujja kuleeta buzibu bwa vvulovumenti, tekujja kutaataaganya nteekateeka za bukuumi eziriwo. Ebitongole ebikozesa ebyuma kitegeerekeka nti byegendereza ku kuleka ebyuma ebipya okuyungibwa ku bikozesebwa bye bavunaanyizibwa okukuuma nga bikola.
Lwaki kino kizibu okusinga bwe kirabika
Omutindo tegubadde gukwatagana na kuteekebwa mu nkola. Tekinologiya ono akulaakulana mangu okusinga koodi n’ebiragiro bye bisobola okugoberera. Enfuga ez’enjawulo zirina ebisaanyizo eby’enjawulo. Ebikola mu California biyinza obutakkirizibwa mu Germany. Girimaani ky’ekkiriza kiyinza okutabula abalungamya mu Australia.
Okukolagana (interoperability) kusigala nga kuluma omutwe. Enkola za bbaatule okuva mu kkampuni emu tezizannya bulungi na inverter okuva mu ndala. Enkola z’empuliziganya ziyinza okuba ez’omutindo mu by’ekikugu, naye ebikwata ku kussa mu nkola byawukana ekimala okuleeta ebirooto eby’okugatta. Omulimu guno gugenda gutereera mu kino, mpola mpola.
Era awo waliwo n'okutyoboola. Battery ziggwaawo. Buli charge-discharge cycle etwala omusolo omutono. Okwetaba mu ngeri ey’obukambwe mu butale bwa frequency-n’enzirukanya zaabwe entono ezitakyukakyuka-yanguyiza okwambala kuno mu ngeri ey’enjawulo okusinga okukola enzirukanya ennene bbiri buli lunaku ku arbitrage. Ebikozesebwa mu by’enfuna ebisibuka mu pulojekiti yo byetaaga okubala enkola z’okusereba ze tukyayiga mu bwesimbu okulagula mu butuufu.
Bino byonna gye byolekedde
Ekitongole ky’ensi yonna ekivunaanyizibwa ku masannyalaze kiteebereza nti obusobozi bw’okutereka amaanyi mu nsi yonna bwetaaga okutuuka ku gigawatts 1,500 omwaka 2030 we gunaatuukira okusobola okutuukiriza ebiruubirirwa by’embeera y’obudde. Ekyo tetulina we tusemberera. Naye ebisale bisigala bikka-emiwendo gya bbaatule za lithium-ion gikendedde ebitundu nga 90% okuva mu 2010-era okuteekebwa mu nkola kweyanguwa.
Enkola za hybrid ezigatta bbaatule n’amasannyalaze agazzibwawo zifuuka enkola eya bulijjo okusinga pulojekiti ez’obupya. Amabibiro g’amasannyalaze ag’omubiri (virtual power plants), agagatta enkumi n’enkumi z’ebintu ebitonotono ebiteekebwamu bbaatule mu by’obugagga eby’omutindo gwa grid-, biraga omugaso gwabyo mu butale okuva e Bubirigi okutuuka e South Australia.
Yinginiya omukulu ow’okugatta-PCS, BMS, EMS, empuliziganya ya giridi-akuze ekimala okukola mu ngeri eyesigika. Okusoomoozebwa kati kwa byanfuna n’okulungamya. Okufuna amateeka g’akatale amatuufu. Okuzimba obusobozi obumala obw’okuyunga. Okutendeka abakozi abamala okuteeka n’okulabirira enkola zino.
Ekyo edda ekyalabika ng’ekizibu ekitasoboka kifuuse, bwe kiba nga si kyangu, waakiri ekigonjoolwa. Tumanyi okugatta bbaatule ne giridi. Ekibuuzo kati kiri nti sipiidi ki gye tusobola okulinnyisa.