Nze mmaze essaawa nnyingi nnyo nga nnyiga mutekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi. Mu butuufu, ekyatandika ng’okwegomba okumanya ebikwata ku nteekateeka ya bbaatule ya muliraanwa wange kyafuuka ekintu eky’okwegomba. Kale bino bye nfunye-era mwesige, ebimu ku bintu bino byanneewuunyisa.
Ensi eno ekyuse nnyo. Emyaka etaano egiyise, okusinga twali twogera ku lithium-ion ne pumped hydro. Ekyo kye kyali. Kaakati? Ebintu by’osobola okulondako kumpi biyitiridde.
Emboozi ya Lithium-Ion
Buli muntu amanyi lithium-ion. Essimu yo, laptop, mpozzi mmotoka yo-eri buli wamu. Naye wano ebintu we bifuna okunyumira ku grid-scale n'okukozesa awaka.
Densite y’amasoboza yeewuunyisa. Twogera ku 150-250 Wh/kg, ekitegeeza nti osobola okupakinga obusobozi bw'okutereka obw'amaanyi mu yuniti ezitali nnyingi. Geraageranya ekyo ku lead-acid ku mpozzi 35-40 Wh/kg, era otandika okutegeera lwaki lithium-ion yakwata mangu. Si wadde okumpi.
Obulung'amu bw'olugendo lw'okudda n'okudda-butuula ku bitundu 85-95%. Ekyo kya makulu. Ku buli kWh 100 z’oteekamu, ofuna 85-95 okuddamu okufuluma. Amasoboza agasigaddewo gafuuka ebbugumu, y’ensonga lwaki okuddukanya ebbugumu kikulu nnyo mu nkola zino. Nze ndabye installations nga okunyogoza obubi kwakoona efficiency wansi ebitundu 10-15 ku buli 100. Ensobi ey’ebbeeyi.
Obulamu bw’enzirukanya bwawukana nnyo okusinziira ku kemiko n’engeri y’okukozesaamu. Obutoffaali bwa LFP (lithium iron phosphate) busobola okukuba enzirukanya 4,000-6,000 ku buziba bwa 80% obw’okufuluma. NMC kemiko? Ebisingawo nga 1,500-2,000 mu mbeera ezifaanagana. Enjawulo eyo nkulu ng’obala omuwendo gw’obulamu bwonna.
Enkola y’okuvunda (degradation curve) kintu abakola ebintu kye bataggumiza bulijjo. Ofiirwa obusobozi nga 2-3% buli mwaka ne bw’oba okozesa bulungi. Oluvannyuma lw’emyaka kkumi, bbaatule eyo eya kWh 10 mu butuufu bbaatule ya kWh 8. Tegeka okusinziira ku ekyo.
Battery ezikulukuta: Enkola Etasiimibwa
Nja kukkiriza nti nanyooma bbaatule ezitambula okumala emyaka. Yalabika nga tekinologiya wa niche atayinza kukula ddala. Nnali nkyamu.
Endowooza eno ya kitiibwa: ebisengejja by’amasannyalaze bibiri ebiterekeddwa mu ttanka ez’enjawulo, nga bipambiddwa okuyita mu kisenge ky’obutoffaali mwe biwanyisiganya ayoni okuyita mu luwuzi. Amaanyi agafuluma gasinziira ku sayizi ya stack. Obusobozi bw’amasoboza businziira ku bunene bwa ttanka. Osobola okuzipima nga weetongodde-ekyo kya mugaso ddala ku nkola ezimu.
Battery za Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) ze zisinga akatale k’ebyobusuubuzi mu kiseera kino. Obulung’amu bw’okutambula okwetooloola-buli wansi okusinga lithium-ion-mu ngeri entuufu 65-75%-naye wano waliwo ekintu: ekirungo ky’amasannyalaze tekivunda mu ngeri obusannyalazo bwa lithium-ion gye bukola. Abamu ku bakola ebintu bagamba nti cycles 20,000+ nga zifiirwa obusobozi obutono. Ekirungo ky’amasannyalaze kyennyini kisobola okuddamu okukozesebwa kumpi ekiseera ekitali kigere.
Ekigere kinene wadde. Okwetaaga ekifo kya ttanka, ppampu, cell stack, cooling systems. Ku bikozesebwa-scale installations nga 4+ essaawa duration requirements, ebyenfuna bitandika okulabika nga bisikiriza. Ku by’okusulamu? Si kya mugaso. Waakiri tekinnatuuka.
Pumped Hydro: Ekyali kinene
Wano we nneetaaga okumala akaseera, kubanga pumped hydro gets overlooked mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo ku kutereka amaanyi okw’omulembe, era eyo nsobi.
Mu nsi yonna, amazzi agapambiddwa gakiikirira ebitundu nga 95% ku busobozi bw’okutereka amaanyi ku mutendera gwa grid-essiddwawo. Ekyo kibbire mu mitwe gyonna egya lithium-ion, ebiwandiiko byonna eby'amawulire ebya flow battery-bavuganya ku 5% ezo ezisigadde. Omuwendo guwuniikiriza: amaanyi g’amazzi agasukka mu 160 GW agapampu mu nsi yonna, nga gatereka amaanyi agapimiddwa mu bikumi n’ebikumi bya GWh.
Omusingi tegwayinza kuba mwangu okusingawo. Pampu amazzi okulinnya ku lusozi ng’amasannyalaze ga buseere oba nga mangi. Leka eddeyo wansi ng’eyita mu ttabiini ng’olina amaanyi. Amasoboza ag’amaanyi ag’ekisikirize, agaterekeddwa era ne gafulumizibwa. Tewali bintu bya njawulo, tewali kemiko nzibu, tewali kweraliikirira kuvunda mu makulu ag’ennono.
Obulung'amu bw'okutambula n'okudda{0}}buva ku 70-85%, okusinziira ku nteekateeka y'okussaako. Si waggulu nga lithium-ion, naye evuganya ne bbaatule ezikulukuta. Era wuuno ekikulu: enkola ziwangaala. Bath County Pumped Storage Station mu Virginia ebadde ekola okuva mu 1985. Kumpi emyaka amakumi ana ebadde ekola mu ngeri eyesigika. Gezaako okunoonya bbaatule ewezezza emyaka 40 ng’ekyakola.
Obudde bw’okuddamu buteredde nnyo ne ttabiini za pampu ez’embiro ezikyukakyuka-{1}}. Ebiteekebwawo eby’omulembe bisobola okuva ku ziro okutuuka ku full output mu ddakiika ezitasukka bbiri. Ekyo kyangu ekimala ku byetaago ebisinga obungi eby’okutebenkeza emikutu.
Ekizibu ekyeyoleka ye geography. Okwetaaga enjawulo mu buwanvu n’amazzi. Ebifo bingi ebisaanira byakolebwa dda mu bifo nga Norway, Switzerland, n’ebitundu bya Amerika. Naye-era kino kisikiriza-waliwo okwagala okweyongera mu nkola za loopu eziggaddwa-ezeesigamye ku bifo by’amazzi eby’obutonde. Ebirombe ebisuuliddwa, ebifo ebitereka amazzi ebyazimbibwa n’ekigendererwa-, wadde empuku eziri wansi w’ettaka.
Ebisale by’okuzimba bikyali bingi. Twogera ku buwumbi bwa ddoola ku bifo ebikulu ebiteekebwawo n’okukkiriza ebiseera ebipimiddwa mu myaka, oluusi amakumi g’emyaka. Oyo front-loaded investment kye kizibu ekikulu eri enkulaakulana empya, so si buzibu bwa tekinologiya.
Empewo Enyigirizibwa
CAES-okutereka amaanyi g’empewo enyigirizibwa. Ebifo bibiri byokka ebinene-ebikola mu kiseera kino: Huntorf mu Germany (okuva mu 1978) ne McIntosh mu Alabama (okuva mu 1991). Bombi bakozesa empuku z’omunnyo wansi w’ettaka. Obulung’amu buli ku bitundu 40-50% ku dizayini za adiabatic ez’ennono, wadde ng’enkola ez’omulembe eza isothermal zisuubiza 70%+. Tekinologiya ow’enjawulo, okuteekebwa mu nkola okutono. Okugenda mu maaso.
Ekibuuzo kya Haidrojeni
Ngenda n’okudda ku haidrojeni. Ennaku ezimu ndowooza nti bye biseera eby'omu maaso eby'okutereka okumala ebbanga eddene-. Ennaku endala, okufiirwa mu bulungibwansi kulabika nga tekuyinza kuvvuunuka.
Laba wano okubala okusookerwako okugwa abantu. Okusengejja amasannyalaze kutambula ku bulungibwansi nga 60-80%. Okunyigiriza oba okufuuka amazzi kitwala ekitundu ekirala eky’amasoboza. Bw’okyusa n’odda mu masannyalaze ng’oyita mu fuel cell, oba otunuulidde mpozzi 40-60% efficiency. Zisimbira wamu era round-trip efficiency lands awalala wakati wa 25-45%. Ekyo... si kinene.
Naye efficiency si buli kimu. Hydrogen egaba ekintu tekinologiya omulala ky’atasobola: okutereka mu sizoni mu butuufu awatali kuvunda. Fulumya haidrojeni mu kyeya ng’enjuba efuluma ku ntikko, mutereke mu mpuku oba ttanka eziri wansi w’ettaka, era mukozese mu biseera by’obutiti ng’obwetaavu bweyongedde. Electrolyte mu flow battery yandibadde ekyakola oluvannyuma lw’emyezi mukaaga nga otudde nga tetukola, sure, naye hydrogen just... sits there. Tewali kweraliikirira kwe-kusiibulwa.
Enkizo endala kwe kukola ebintu bingi. Haidrojeni eterekeddwa asobola okuddamu okufuuka amasannyalaze, yee. Naye era esobola okuliisa enkola z’amakolero, okufuuwa amafuta mu mmotoka oba okukola ebbugumu. Okwesalirawo okwo kulina omugaso ogwa nnamaddala, ne bwe kiba nga kizibu okugera obungi.
Quick Note ku Flywheels
Kumpi yeerabira flywheels. Zitereka amasoboza ag’ekiddukano mu kiwujjo ekiwuuta-ebiseera ebisinga ebirungo ebikola obuwuzi bwa kaboni ebidduka mu kifo ekitaliimu kintu kyonna okukendeeza ku kusikagana. Obudde bw’okuddamu mu bukulu buba bwa kaseera buseera, ekizifuula ezituukiridde okutereeza frequency. Naye obusobozi bw’amasoboza bukoma. Otunuulira eddakiika z’okutereka, so si ssaawa. Beacon Power ekola ekifo kya MW 20 mu New York ekikola obulungi enkola ya frequency regulation. Ku kutereka ebintu mu bungi? Tunuulira awalala.
Okutereka mu Bbugumu Kufuna Ennyuvu
Omunnyo ogusaanuuse, omusenyu ogubuguma, amazzi aga cryogenic, ice-waliwo enjawulo nnyingi wano okusinga abantu bwe bakitegeera.
Amabibiro g’amasannyalaze g’enjuba agasengekeddwa gamaze emyaka nga gakozesa ekifo ekitereka omunnyo ogusaanuuse. Ekyuma kya Gemasolar mu Spain kisobola okukola amasannyalaze okumala essaawa 15 nga tewali musana butereevu nga kikozesa ebbugumu eriterekeddwa mu minnyo gya nitrate egyasaanuuse ku diguli nga 565 . Tekinologiya akakasiddwa.
Ekinsanyusa ennaku zino kwe kutereka omusenyu n’amayinja agabuguma. Enkola zino zikozesa ebintu eby’ebbeeyi entono, ebingi ebisobola okugumira ebbugumu erisukka diguli 1000 . Tewali supply chains za njawulo kweraliikirira. Kkampuni emu eya Finland eyitibwa Polar Night Energy yazimba bbaatule y’omusenyu eya MWh 100 ebadde ekola mu by’obusuubuzi okuva mu 2022. Obulung’amu-okutambula n’okudda buli wansi-oyinza okuba nga 50-60% ku masannyalaze-okutuuka ku-amasannyalaze-naye singa enkola yo enkulu eba ya bbugumu, osobola okukuba 90%+.
Okutereka ice okukozesebwa mu kunyogoza nakyo kisaana okwogerwako. Kola ice ekiro ng’amasannyalaze ga buseere, mukozese okukola empewo mu ssaawa z’emisana ezirimu abantu abangi. Nnyangu, ekola bulungi, era yassibwa dda ku bizimbe by’obusuubuzi enkumi n’enkumi. Si glamorous, naye kikola.
Kale Mu butuufu Bageraageranya Batya?
Eky’okuddamu ekituufu kiri nti: kisinziira ku ky’ogezaako okukola. Nkyawa eky’okuddamu ekyo naye kituufu.
Ebyetaago by’Ebbanga
Ku by’okuddamu ebya sub-second n’ebyetaago by’obudde obumpi- (sekondi okutuuka ku ddakiika), flywheels ne supercapacitors ze zifuga. Zino za bbeeyi buli kWh naye nga teziwangulwa ku sipiidi. Lithium-ion ekwata bulungi nnyo eddirisa ly'essaawa 1-4-wano we wabeera okusinga okuteekebwa mu bifo eby'okusulamu n'eby'obusuubuzi. Bw’omala okusika essaawa eziyise 8-10, bbaatule za hydro ne flow ezipambiddwa zifuuka za ssente nnyingi. Ku kutereka mu sizoni okumala wiiki oba emyezi, ddala haidrojeni y’engeri yokka esoboka mu kiseera kino.
Ebituufu Ebikwata ku Nsaasaanya
Ebisale bya Lithium-ion pack bikendedde nnyo-okuva ku ddoola nga 1,100/kWh mu 2010 okutuuka ku ddoola 140/kWh mu 2024. Eyo nkola eyeewuunyisa. Naye ssente za bbaatule kitundu kyokka ku nsengekera. Enzikiriziganya y'enkola, okuteeka, okuyungibwa ku mudumu, okukkiriza-bino "ebisale ebigonvu" byeyongera okufuga embalirira za pulojekiti. Enkola y’amayumba eya kWh 100 eyinza okumalawo ddoola 20,000-35,000 okuteekebwawo, okusinziira ku kifo n’amateeka g’ekitundu.
Amazzi agapambiddwa galina omuwendo omutono ogw’omutindo ogw’okutereka ku mirimu egy’ekiseera ekiwanvu-, mu ngeri entuufu $50-80/MWh mu bulamu bwa pulojekiti. Ekikwata ye upfront capital requirement eyo gye nnayogeddeko emabegako. Okwetaaga bamusigansimbi abagumiikiriza.
Battery ezikulukuta zikyali za bbeeyi-mpozzi $300-500/kWh ku nkola enzijuvu-naye obulamu obuwanvu bukyusa okubala ku nsaasaanya eya levelized. Singa okusaba kwo kwetaaga enzirukanya 10,000+ mu myaka 20, dduka ennamba n'obwegendereza.
Ebirina okulowoozebwako ku butonde bw’ensi
Wano we nfunira okubuulira katono, bambi. Okukola lithium-ion kulina ebikosa obutonde ddala-embeera y’okusima cobalt, enkozesa y’amazzi agaggya lithium, enkomerero-okusoomoozebwa kw’okuddamu okukola obulamu. Bino byonna tugenda bitereera, naye okwefuula nti bbaatule nnyonjo ddala, kya busirusiru. Amazzi agapambiddwa gakyusa ebifo n’ebitonde, wadde nga dizayini za loopu eziggaddwa-zikendeeza ku kukosebwa. Haidrojeni okuva mu kusengejja amasannyalaze muyonjo nnyo ng’amasannyalaze agagiwa amaanyi. Ebintu bino ebisuubulagana bikulu era bisaana okuteesebwako mu bwesimbu.
Kye Nnandisemba Mubutuufu
Ku maka agasinga obungi ne bizinensi entonotono? Lithium-ion, naddala kemiko wa LFP. Tekinologiya akuze, abassaako bakitegeera era emiwendo gifuuse gya nsaamusaamu ddala. Gigatte ne rooftop solar ofuna enkola ejja okukuweereza obulungi okumala emyaka 10-15.
Ku pulojekiti za grid-scale ezirina ebyetaago by'obudde bw'essaawa 4+, emboozi yeeyongera okunyumira. I'd seriously evaluate flow batteries alongside lithium-ion, naddala singa enkola yeetaaga okubala enzirukanya enkulu. Era togoba mazzi agapambiddwa olw'okuba gawulikika nga ga mulembe-ag'omulembe-nga geography ekkiriza, emirundi mingi ye nsimbi ezisinga obulungi ez'ekiseera ekiwanvu-.
Naawe mukuume eriiso ku tekinologiya agenda okuvaayo. Battery za sodium-ion zituuse ku busuubuzi era ziyinza okukendeeza ku ssente za lithium-ion mu myaka mitono. Battery z’empewo ez’ekyuma-ziwa density y’amasoboza eyeewuunyisa ku nkola ezimala ebbanga eddene-. Okutereka amaanyi ag’ekisikirize nga tukozesa bulooka enkalu mu kifo ky’amazzi kutundibwa.
Ensi eno ekyukakyuka mangu. Ekirabika ng’ekisinga obulungi leero kiyinza obutaba kya kuddamu mu myaka etaano. Obutali bukakafu obwo bukumalamu amaanyi bw’oba weetaaga okusalawo kati, naye era mu butuufu busanyusa. Tuyita mu nkyukakyuka mu ngeri ensi gy’eterekamu amaanyi, era sipiidi y’obuyiiya tegenda kukendeera.