Okusinziira ku ngeri ez’enjawulo ez’okutereka amaanyi, .tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyikiyinza okwawulwamu ebika bitaano: tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi ag’ebyuma, tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi ag’amasannyalaze, tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi g’amasannyalaze, tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi g’eddagala, ne tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi ag’ebbugumu.
◇Tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi g’amasannyalaze
◇Tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi g’eddagala
◇Tekinologiya w’okutereka ebbugumu
Tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi mu byuma
Nga bwe kimanyiddwa obulungi, engeri ez’enjawulo ez’amasoboza ag’ekiddukano n’agayinza okubaawo ziri mu butonde, gamba ng’amazzi agakulukuta, empewo ey’obutonde, amayengo, n’amayengo; emirimu gy’abantu era givaamu amaanyi mangi ag’okutambula n’agayinza okubaawo, gamba ng’okutambuza abantu, mmotoka, emmeeri, n’amazzi. Amasoboza gano gonna, gombi ago agakolebwa mu butonde n’ago agakolebwa emirimu gy’abantu, nsibuko z’amasoboza agazzibwawo. Amasoboza ag’ebyuma gwe mugatte gw’amasoboza ag’ekiddukano n’amasoboza ag’obusobozi, obungi obw’omubiri obukiikirira embeera y’entambula n’obugulumivu bw’ekintu. Amasoboza ag’ekiddukano n’amasoboza ag’ekiyinza (potential energy) ag’ekintu gasobola okukyusibwa ne gafuuka amalala; mu nkola y’okukyusagana wakati w’amasoboza ag’ekiddukano n’amasoboza agayinza okubaawo, omuwendo gwonna ogw’amasoboza ag’ebyuma gusigala nga tegukyukakyuka, kwe kugamba, amasoboza ag’ebyuma gakuumibwa.
Okutereka amaanyi mu byuma ye tekinologiya akyusa amasoboza okufuuka amasoboza ag’ebyuma okusobola okutereka n’oluvannyuma n’agakyusa ne gadda mu masannyalaze nga geetaagibwa. Enkola eza bulijjo ez’okutereka amaanyi mu byuma mulimu okutereka amazzi mu ppampu, okutereka empewo enyigirizibwa, n’okutereka amaanyi ga flywheel. Tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi mu byuma atera okuba n’amaanyi amangi, obusobozi bw’okuddamu amangu, n’obulamu obuwanvu obw’okuweereza, ekigifuula ezisaanira okulungamya emikutu n’okugabira amasannyalaze ag’amangu. Obudde bw’okutereka n’obunene bwazo byawukana okusinziira ku tekinologiya yennyini, okuva ku ddakiika okutuuka ku nnaku, era zisobola okutuukiriza ebyetaago eby’enjawulo eby’okutereka amaanyi.
Okutereka amazzi mu ppampu:
Okutereka amazzi mu ppampu mu kiseera kino ye tekinologiya asinga okukozesebwa mu kutereka amaanyi amanene-. Ekozesa amasannyalaze okupampagula amazzi okuva mu tterekero ery’omutindo ogwa wansi-okugenda mu tterekero ery’omutindo ogwa waggulu-, nga litereka amaanyi gaayo agayinza okubaawo. Mu biseera eby’obwetaavu bw’amasannyalaze, amazzi gafulumizibwa okukola amasannyalaze nga gayita mu ttabiini. Enkola eno erina obulungi bw’okukyusa obw’amaanyi (mu ngeri entuufu 70%–85%), esaanira okulungamya enjawulo z’ebiwonvu eby’oku ntikko-mu mudumu gw’amasannyalaze, era egaba obusobozi obunene obw’okutereka n’okukola okutebenkevu.
Okutereka amazzi mu ppampu kutera okukozesebwa okuwagira okugatta emikutu gy’amasannyalaze agazzibwawo, okutebenkeza enkyukakyuka mu kugaba n’obwetaavu, era kulina ebbanga eddene ly’okutereka n’obusobozi obw’amaanyi obw’okutereka. Omusingi gwayo gulagibwa mu kifaananyi 1-1.
Okutereka amaanyi g’empewo enyigirizibwa:
Okutereka amaanyi g’empewo enyigirizibwa kizingiramu okunyigiriza empewo nga tukozesa ekintu ekinyiga ekivugibwa amasannyalaze n’okugitereka mu mpuku eziri wansi w’ettaka, ttanka oba ebibya ebinyigirizibwa. Okwetaaga kw’amasannyalaze bwe kweyongera, empewo enyigirizibwa eterekeddwa efulumizibwa, n’ebuguma, n’ekozesebwa okuvuga ttabiini okukola amasannyalaze. Okutereka amaanyi g’empewo enyigirizibwa mu ngeri entuufu kuwa obusobozi obunene-okutereka amaanyi obw’ekiseera ekiwanvu-, nga okutwalira awamu obulungi buva ku bitundu 50% okutuuka ku bitundu 70%. Obulung’amu buno busobola okwongera okulongoosebwa bwe bugattibwa wamu ne tekinologiya ow’okuzzaawo ebbugumu. Kisaanira okugattibwa n’amabibiro amanene-amasannyalaze agazzibwawo okutumbula okukyukakyuka n’okutebenkera kw’emikutu gy’amasannyalaze.
Okutereka amaanyi ga flywheel:
Okutereka amaanyi ga flywheel kukozesa motor okuvuga flywheel ku sipiidi ya waggulu, okukyusa amasoboza g’amasannyalaze okufuuka amasoboza ag’ekiddukano okusobola okutereka. Bwe kiba kyetaagisa, flywheel ekozesa jenereta okukyusa amasoboza ag’ekiddukano okudda mu masannyalaze. Tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi ga flywheel amanyiddwa olw’embiro zaayo ez’okuddamu ez’amangu ennyo (mu ngeri entuufu mu bbanga lya milisekondi) n’obulamu bw’enzirukanya obw’amaanyi (okutuuka ku bikumi n’ebikumi by’enzirukanya), ekigifuula esaanira embeera z’okutereka amaanyi ag’ekiseera ekitono, aga waggulu-, gamba ng’okulungamya frequency ya grid n’amasannyalaze agatali gasalako (UPS). Okutereka amaanyi ga flywheel mu bujjuvu kuba n’obulungi obw’okukyusa obw’amaanyi, okutuuka ku 85%–95%, naye obudde bwayo obw’okutereka buba bumpi nnyo, ebiseera ebisinga bukozesebwa okutebenkeza enkyukakyuka z’amaanyi ez’ekiseera ekitono-. Ekifaananyi 1-2 kiraga ekifaananyi ekiraga enkola y’amaanyi g’okutereka amaanyi ga flywheel.
Tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi g’amasannyalaze
Okutereka amaanyi g’amasannyalaze ye tekinologiya akyusa amasoboza g’amasannyalaze okufuuka amasoboza ag’eddagala okuyita mu nkola z’amasannyalaze, okugatereka n’oluvannyuma n’agakyusa okudda mu masannyalaze nga kyetaagisa. Omusingi gwayo kwe kutereka n’okufulumya amaanyi nga gayita mu nkola y’okucaajinga n’okufulumya bbaatule. Tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi g’amasannyalaze alina ebirungi nga sipiidi y’okuddamu amangu, okukola obulungi ennyo, okuteekebwa mu ngeri ekyukakyuka, n’okukola dizayini ya modulo, ekigifuula esaanira embeera nga okulungamya firikwensi eziyungiddwa ku mudumu gw’amasannyalaze agazzibwawo-okulungamya ku ntikko-ekiwonvu, n’okugaba amasannyalaze ag’amangu. Mu kiseera kino, tekinologiya omukulu ow’okutereka amaanyi g’amasannyalaze mulimu bbaatule za lead-asidi, bbaatule za nickel-metal hydride, bbaatule za lithium-ion, bbaatule za sodium-ion, ne bbaatule ezikulukuta, nga buli emu erina omulimu gwayo ogw’enjawulo, embeera z’okukozesa, n’obusobozi bw’okukulaakulanya. Olw’ekitundu ky’amasoboza agazzibwawo okweyongera, okutereka amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze kikola kinene nnyo mu nkyukakyuka y’ensengekera y’amasoboza mu nsi yonna era kikakafu kikulu okutuuka ku nkola y’amasoboza amayonjo, aga kaboni omutono, era agataliiko bulabe.
Battery za asidi eziriko omusulo-:
Battery za asidi z’omusulo-si tekinologiya ow’okutereka amaanyi g’amasannyalaze ag’amasannyalaze agamaze ebbanga eddene-ekozesebwa era akozesebwa nnyo. Omusingi gwabwe guzingiramu okukozesa omusulo ne okisayidi zaayo ng’ebintu eby’obusannyalazo (positive and negative electrode materials), n’ekisengejjo ky’amazzi ekya asidi salufuriki ng’ekisengejjero ky’obusannyalazo, okucaajinga n’okufulumya okuyita mu nkola y’obusannyalazo. Battery za lead-acid zirina ebirungi nga omuwendo omutono ogw’okufulumya, tekinologiya akuze, okwesigika okw’amaanyi, n’okuziyiza okw’amaanyi okucaajinga okusukkiridde n’okufulumya okusukkiridde-, era zikozesebwa nnyo mu bbaatule ezitandika mmotoka, amasannyalaze ag’okutereka, n’enkola z’okutereka amaanyi. Naye bbaatule za asidi za lead-zirina amaanyi matono, obulamu bw’enzirukanya butono, era zirimu lead ow’obutwa, ekiyinza okwonoona obutonde bw’ensi singa zisuulibwa mu ngeri etasaana. Wadde nga kino kiri bwe kityo, bbaatule za asidi za lead-zikyalina ekifo kinene mu nnimiro ezimu, naddala mu nkola ezikwata ku ssente-. Mu biseera eby’omu maaso, okuddamu okukola ebintu ebitali bya bulabe eri obutonde bw’ensi n’okulongoosa omulimu gwa bbaatule za lead-asidi bijja kuba biragiro bikulu mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya ono.
Battery za Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH):
Battery za NiMH tekinologiya w’okutereka amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze akozesa nickel hydroxide nga positive electrode ate nickel hydride nga negative electrode. Ziwa ebirungi nga amaanyi amangi, obutakwatagana na butonde, n’obulamu obuwanvu obw’enzirukanya. Bw’ogeraageranya ne bbaatule ez’ekinnansi, bbaatule za NiMH tezirina bulabe bwa kemiko obukwatagana ne cadmium ne molybdenum, ekizifuula ezitayamba obutonde bw’ensi. N’olwekyo, zikozesebwa nnyo mu bikozesebwa eby’amasannyalaze, mmotoka ez’omugatte, n’ebyuma eby’amasannyalaze ebitambuzibwa. Era zirina charge-discharge efficiency enkulu era zisobola okukola stably mu mbeera ez’enjawulo. Ekikulu ekiraga bbaatule za nickel kwe kugumiikiriza kwazo okusukkiridde n’okugumiikiriza okuyitiridde-okufulumya, ekizifuula ennungi ennyo mu nkola ezeetaaga okucaajinga n’okufulumya emirundi mingi. Wadde ng’okulinnya kwa bbaatule za lithium-ion mu myaka egiyise kivuddeko okukendeera kw’omugabo gw’akatale ka bbaatule za NiMH, zikyakuuma ekifo mu bitundu ebitongole ebikozesebwa.
Battery za Lithium-ion:
Battery za lithium-ion ye tekinologiya ow’okutereka amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze atuuka ku kucaajinga n’okufulumya okuyita mu kuyingiza n’okuggyamu ion za lithium wakati w’obusannyalazo obulungi n’obubi. Obuzito bwa lithium obutono n’amaanyi amangi bivuddeko okukozesa ennyo bbaatule za lithium-ion mu byuma eby’amasannyalaze ebikwatibwa, mmotoka ez’amasannyalaze, n’okutereka amaanyi agazzibwawo. Battery za lithium-ion ziwa ebirungi nga obulamu obuwanvu obw’enzirukanya n’obutaba na kikolwa kya kujjukira, naye era zirina ebizibu ebimu eby’obukuumi, gamba ng’okudduka okw’ebbugumu okuva ku kucaajinga okusukkiridde n’okufuluma okusukkiridde. Olw’enkulaakulana mu tekinologiya, obukuumi n’enkola y’amasannyalaze mu bbaatule za lithium-ion byeyongedde okulongooka buli kiseera, ate ng’ebisale bikendedde, ekibifudde emu ku bbaatule ezisinga okukozesebwa okutereka amaanyi ku katale ennaku zino. Mu biseera eby’omu maaso, okukulaakulanya tekinologiya nga solid-state electrolytes ne silicon-based anodes kisuubirwa okwongera okulongoosa omulimu gw’amasannyalaze n’obukuumi bwa bbaatule za lithium-ion.
Battery za Sodium-ion:
Battery za sodium-ion ye tekinologiya omupya akulaakulana amangu mu kutereka amaanyi g’amasannyalaze mu myaka egiyise. Enkola yazo ey’okukola efaananako n’eya bbaatule za lithium-ion, nga lithium ions ziyingira ne zifuluma wakati w’obusannyalazo obulungi n’obubi okusobola okucaajinga n’okufulumya. Ebirungi bya bbaatule za sodium-ion ziri mu bungi n’omuwendo omutono ogw’eby’obugagga bya sodium, n’okwetongola kwazo okuva ku buzibu bw’eby’obugagga bya lithium, ekizifuula ezisaanira naddala okukozesebwa mu kutereka amaanyi amanene-. Newankubadde nga density y’amasoboza gazo eri wansi okusinga eya bbaatule za lithium-ion, bbaatule za sodium-ion ziraga omulimu omulungi mu ngeri y’okutebenkera kw’enzirukanya, okukola obulungi mu bbugumu eri wansi, n’obukuumi, ekiraga nti zisuubiza nnyo enkulaakulana mu biseera eby’omu maaso. Mu kiseera kino, okunoonyereza ku bbaatule za sodium-ion kussa essira ku kulongoosa obungi bw’amasoboza, okwongera ku bulamu bw’enzirukanya, n’okukendeeza ku nsaasaanya y’okukola. Olw’enkulaakulana mu tekinologiya egenda mu maaso, bbaatule za sodium-ion zisuubirwa okufuuka ekimu ku bikulu eby’okugonjoola okutereka amaanyi amanene-mu biseera eby’omu maaso.
Battery ekulukuta:
Battery ezitambula (flow batteries) ye tekinologiya ow’okutereka amaanyi g’amasannyalaze ng’obusannyalazo buterekebwa mu ttanka ey’ebweru. Omusingi gwazo guzingiramu okutereka n’okufulumya amasoboza okuyita mu nkola z’amasannyalaze wakati w’obusannyalazo bubiri obw’enjawulo munda mu bbaatule. Ekintu ekikulu ekiraga bbaatule ezikulukuta ge maanyi gazo agatereezebwa mu ngeri eyeetongodde n’amaanyi agafuluma; obusobozi bw’okutereka busobola okugaziwa nga twongera ku bungi bw’obusannyalazo obuterekeddwa, ekizifuula ezisaanira naddala okukozesebwa okutereka amaanyi okunene-, okumala ebbanga eddene-. Ebika bya bbaatule ezikulukuta eza bulijjo mulimu bbaatule ezikulukuta eza vanadium redox ne bbaatule ezikulukuta za zinc/bromine. Battery ezitambula ziwangaala, obukuumi obulungi, n’okukuuma obutonde bw’ensi, naye ssente ze zisooka okussaamu nnyingi, era enkola ya bbaatule nzibu. Olw’enkulaakulana mu tekinologiya, obusobozi bwa bbaatule ezikulukuta mu kutereka amaanyi amanene-bugenda buvaayo mpolampola naddala mu kugatta emikutu gy’amasannyalaze agazzibwawo n’okukozesa okulungamya emikutu.