Nze mmaze way too many hours nga nsoma white papers ne spec sheets kuokutereka amaanyi. Era wuuno bye nfunye: ekifo kyonna kifuuse kivundu era kinyuma okusinga emiko egisinga bwe gigiwulikika.
Buli omu ayogera ku bbaatule. Fair enough-bali buli wamu kati. Naye okutereka amaanyi? Eyo mboozi nnene nnyo. Twogera ku buli kimu okuva ku bifo ebinene eby’amazzi ebitudde ku ntikko z’ensozi okutuuka ku bitundutundu by’ebyuma ebiwuuta mu bisenge ebifuumuuka. Ebimu ku tekinologiya ono bibaddewo okuva bajjajjaabo abakulu-nga baana bato. Ebirala bibeerawo okusinga mu laabu ne mu nnyanjula za PowerPoint.
Ka nkutambulire mu ekyo ekituufu ekiri ebweru.
Embalaasi Enkadde Ey'omulimu Tewali Ayogera Ku
Okutereka amazzi mu ppampu. Kiwulikika nga kiboola, nedda? Ebifo bibiri ebitereka amazzi ku buwanvu obw’enjawulo, ttabiini ezimu, amazzi agakulukuta waggulu ne wansi. Fizikisi ennyangu.
Naye wuuno ekintu-teknologiya ono "aboola" akwata nga 95% ku kutereka amaanyi gonna ku mutendera gwa grid-mu nsi yonna. Ebitundu mwenda-bitaano ku buli kikumi. Abantu bwe bakubaganya ebirowoozo ku kemiko ya bbaatule ne bakaayana ku lithium versus sodium, pumped hydro just quietly does its job in the background.
Endowooza eno kumpi nnyangu mu ngeri eswaza. Amasannyalaze bwe gaba ga buseere (ebiseera ebisinga ekiro, oba ng’enjuba eyaka ate ng’amasannyalaze g’enjuba gakuba), osika amazzi okulinnya ku lusozi mu tterekero. Emiwendo bwe girinnya oba obwetaavu bwe bulinnya, oleka amazzi ago ne gafubutuka okudda wansi nga gayita mu ttabiini. Efficiency hovers around 70-85%, ekitali kituukiridde, naye obusobozi bw'okutereka bunene nnyo. Twogera ku bifo ebisobola okutereka amaanyi ga gigawatt-essaawa. Si megawatt-essaawa. Gigawatt-essaawa. Ekyo gezaako okukikola ne lithium-ion.
Kya lwatu nti waliwo ekikwata. Okwetaaga geography. Okwetaaga ebifo bibiri ebitereka amazzi. Okwetaaga enjawulo entuufu ey’obugulumivu. Tosobola ddala kuzimba emu ku zino mu Kansas. Olukusa lw’obutonde lwokka lutwala emyaka. Era ssente ezisaasaanyizibwa mu maaso? Eby’emmunyeenye. Naye bwe zimala okuzimbibwa, ebimera bino bimala emyaka 50, 60, oluusi 80. Ekifo kino mu Bath County mu Virginia kibadde kikola okuva mu 1985 era tekiraga kabonero konna kalaga nti kigenda kuyimirira.
Empewo Enyigirizibwa: Enkola Eri Wansi w’Ensi
Okutereka amaanyi g’empewo enyigirizibwa (CAES) ye pumped hydro’s weird cousin. Mu kifo ky’okutambuza amazzi, oba onyiga empewo mu mpuku eziri wansi w’ettaka-ebisenge by’omunnyo, ennimiro za ggaasi ow’obutonde eziweddewo, ebifo ebirimu amazzi, ebitonde byonna eby’ettaka ebibaawo.
Mu ssaawa ezitali za maanyi, kompyuta ezikozesa amasannyalaze zisika empewo mu bifo bino ebiri wansi w’ettaka ku puleesa ezandikuleetedde amatu go okubuuka ng’ozilowoozaako. Bw’oba weetaaga amaanyi, empewo enyigirizibwa efuluma, n’ebuguma (ebiseera ebisinga ne ggaasi ow’obutonde, nga kino kye kitundu ekitali-so-kijanjalo), era n’eyita mu ttabiini.
Waliwo amakolero ga CAES ag’obusuubuzi abiri gokka agakola mu kiseera kino. Bbiri. Emu mu Germany ebadde ekola okuva mu 1978, ate endala mu Alabama okuva mu 1991. Tekinologiya akola, mu ngeri etegeerekeka obulungi. Naye ebyetaago by’eby’ettaka bikakali, era eby’enfuna tebinnaba kuwandiika mu bifo bingi. Wadde kiri kityo, abanoonyereza basigala bakola ku nkyusa ez’omulembe-ensengekera za adiabatic ezikwata n’okuddamu okukozesa ebbugumu okuva mu kunyigirizibwa, ekimalawo obwetaavu bwa ggaasi ow’obutonde. Bino bisinga kubeerawo mu pulojekiti ez’okugezesa mu kiseera kino.
Flywheels: Obulungi obw’ebyuma obulongoofu
Nja kukkiriza-flywheels ze nsinga okwagala. Waliwo ekintu ekirabika obulungi ku kutereka amasoboza nga entambula ey’okuzimbulukuka.
Enkola ya flywheel mu bukulu ye rotor enzito eyeekulukuunya mu kisenge kya vacuum, ewaniriddwa bbeeri za magineeti okukendeeza ku kusikagana. Bw’oba n’amasannyalaze agasukkiridde, mmotoka ziwuuta flywheel mangu. Bw’oba weetaaga amaanyi okuddamu, ekizito ekyo ekiwuuta kivuga jenereta. Fizikisi nnyonjo, etegeerekeka bulungi.
Flywheels zisukkulumye ku bintu bbaatule ze zikyawa: enzirukanya y’okucaajinga amangu-okufuluma, obukadde n’obukadde bw’enzirukanya mu bulamu bwazo, ebiseera by’okuddamu eby’amangu ebipimiddwa mu milisekondi. Zituukiridde okulungamya frequency-ezo ennongoosereza entonotono, ezitakyukakyuka grid ze yeetaaga okusigala nga zitebenkedde ku 60 Hz ddala (oba 50 Hz, okusinziira ku kifo w’obeera).
Bye batamanyi bulungi? Okutereka amaanyi okumala ebbanga eddene. Ne bwe baba ne bbeeri za magineeti ezisinga obulungi n’obuziba obutuukiridde okumpi-, flywheels zifiirwa amaanyi olw’okusikagana okumala ekiseera. Leka emu ng’atudde okumala olunaku lulamba era ofiiriddwa ekitundu ekinene eky’amaanyi go g’otereka. Kireke okumala wiiki emu era, bulungi, totawaana.
Kale flywheels zikwata ekifo ekigere: okukozesa okumala ekiseera ekitono, amaanyi amangi-. Data centers zizikozesa ng’amaanyi g’omutala mu sikonda ntono ezitwala jenereta za dizero okuyingira.Enkola ezimu ez’okutambuza zizzaawo amaanyi ga buleeki mu flywheels ne gazifulumya okudda ku ggaali y’omukka ey’okusatu mu sikonda ntono. NASA ezannye nabo ku mmeeri z’omu bwengula.
Battery: Category Buli Muntu Gy'afaako Mubutuufu
Okay, ka twogere ku bbaatule. Enkola z’amasannyalaze zikubwa mu myaka egiyise, era mu butuufu zifuna okutabula.
Litiyamu-ionafuga emboozi olw’ensonga entuufu. Densite y’amasoboza ennene kitegeeza okutereka okusingawo mu kifo ekitono. Obulamu bwa cycle obutuufu naddala nga olina kemiko empya. Ebisale bigudde nnyo-nga, byagwa ebitundu 90% okuva mu 2010 kind of plummeted. Essimu yo, laptop yo, mmotoka ez’amasannyalaze, n’okweyongera, okutereka ku mutimbagano byonna bitambulira ku nkyukakyuka za lithium-ion.
Naye "lithium-ion" si kintu kimu. Kiba famire. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) esaddaaka amaanyi agamu olw’obukuumi obulungi n’obulamu obuwanvu-tewali cobalt, ekintu ekikulu mu mpisa ne mu by’enfuna. Aba China abakola ebintu byonna-mu ku LFP, era kati etwala. Mu kiseera kino, nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) epakira amaanyi mangi buli kkiro, ekintu ekikulu ng’ogezaako okuwa mmotoka ey’amasannyalaze range ennungi.
Oludda oluddugavu olwa lithium-ion? Omuddusi w’ebbugumu. Battery zino zisobola okukwata omuliro mu ngeri eyeewuunyisa singa zoonoonese, zisukkiridde okucaajinga oba nga tezirina mukisa gwokka. Okukola ebintu kukozesa maanyi-amaanyi. Enjegere ezigaba lithium ne cobalt zirina emigugu gyazo egy’empisa. Era wadde ng’ebikozesebwa mu kuddamu okukola ebintu bigenda bitereera, bbaatule ezisinga ezikozesebwa zikyaggwa mu kasasiro.
Battery ezikulukutakwata enkola ey’enjawulo ddala. Mu kifo ky’okutereka amasoboza mu buziba obugumu, bakozesa obusannyalazo obw’amazzi mu ttanka ez’ebweru. Oyagala obusobozi bw’amasoboza obusingawo? Just get ttanka ennene. Amaanyi n’amasoboza bikutuka, ekikyusa obufirosoofo bwonna obw’okukola dizayini.
Battery za Vanadium redox flow (VRFBs) ze zisinga okukula. Ziwangaala practically forever-twogera ku cycles 15,000 ku 20,000, mpozzi n'okusingawo. Tewali kuvunda okuva mu kufuluma mu buziba. Ekirungo ky’amasannyalaze tekikaddiwa; kimala sloshes nga kidda n’okudda okuyita mu cell stack. Emyaka abiri-etaano mu, osobola okufulumya amazzi mu electrolyte, okugisindika awalala, n'osigala ng'ogikozesa.
Naye bbaatule ezikulukuta zibeera nnene nnyo. Amasoboza amatono kitegeeza nti tezikola makulu ku mmotoka oba okukozesebwa okutambuza. Vanadium nayo si ya buseere. Ku grid-scale storage nga footprint si nsonga ate nga obuwangaazi bwe bukola? Zigenda zeeyongera okusikiriza.
Omusulo-asidiye bbaatule eyasooka eddaamu okucaajinga, okusinga tekyusiddwa okuva mu 1859. Emmotoka yo etandikira ku emu. Zino za buseere, zitegeerekeka bulungi-, era 98% zisobola okuddamu okukozesebwa. Naye obulamu bw’enzirukanya bwa wakati, density y’amasoboza mbi, era zizitowa. Ku nkola za giridi, okusinga zikyusiddwa, naye zikyafuga mu nkola z’amasannyalaze aga ‘backup power systems’ ng’omuwendo gwe gusinga obukulu okusinga ebirala byonna.
Sodiyamu-ionye mupya afuna okufaayo okw’amaanyi. Sodium ali buli wamu-literally mu mazzi g’ennyanja-kale okweraliikirira kw’enkola y’okugabira abantu okusinga kubula. Enkola y’okukola esobola okuddamu okukozesa ebyuma ebiriwo mu kkolero lya lithium-ion. Enkola tennatuuka nnyo ku mitendera gya lithium-ion, naye eggalawo ekituli mangu. CATL yatandika okukola mu bungi mu 2023. Mu myaka etaano, sodium-ion esobola okuyoola akatale ak’amaanyi ak’okutereka ebintu ebitali bimu.
Nsaana okwogeranikele-kadimiyamu(ekyakozesebwa mu bimu ku bikozesebwa mu makolero, wadde nga cadmium wa butwa era EU emukugira),nikele-ekyuma kya hayidirayidi(ojjukira Prius nga tennagenda lithium?), erasodiyamu-ekibiriiti(enkola z’ebbugumu erya waggulu-ezo amakampuni g’e Japan ze zaasika ennyo mu myaka gya 2000). Naye mu kiseera kino nwandiika ebintu just to list them. Ensonga entuufu eri nti bbaatule za lithium-ion ne flow ze ziri ekikolwa, nga sodium-ion ejja mangu.
Okutereka mu bbugumu: Bbugumu nga Battery
Wano waliwo omutendera ogutafuna kufaayo kumala: okutereka amaanyi ng’ebbugumu (oba ennyonta).
Okutereka omunnyo ogusaanuusey’engeri amabibiro g’amasannyalaze g’enjuba agasengekeddwa gye gakolamu ekiro. Endabirwamu zissa omusana ku munaala, ne bbugumya omunnyo ogusaanuuse okutuuka ku diguli 500-600 . Omunnyo ogwo guterekebwa mu ttanka ezirimu insulated, era bw’oba weetaaga amasannyalaze, ogakozesa okukola omukka n’okuddukanya ttabiini. Ekyuma kya Gemasolar mu Spain kisobola okukola amasannyalaze okumala essaawa 15 ng’enjuba egudde. Crescent Dunes mu Nevada ekwata ebbugumu erimala okumala essaawa 10 ez’omulembe.
Ekintu ekiwooma ku munnyo ogusaanuuse kwe kuba nti okutereka ebbugumu kwa buseere. Way cheaper per kWh okusinga bbaatule. Ekintu ekitali-kinyogovu ye round-trip efficiency-ofiirwa nnyo mu kukyusa okuva mu bbugumu okudda mu masannyalaze n'okudda.
Okutereka iceye nsengekera y’ebbugumu ey’okukyuka kw’ekiseera-. Ebizimbe by’ebyobusuubuzi bifuuwa amazzi ekiro ng’amasannyalaze matono, olwo ne bikozesa ice eyo okukola empewo mu ssaawa z’emisana ezirimu abantu abangi. Si glamorous, naye kikola. Disney World y’egikozesa. Ebizimbe bya ofiisi bingi mu bitundu eby’ebbugumu bikikozesa. Mu bukulu okozesa ice nga battery for cooling demand.
Waliwo n’endowooza empya:Battery za Carnotezitereka amasannyalaze ng’ebbugumu ne ziddamu okugakyusa nga bakozesa yingini z’ebbugumu, ttanka z’amazzi agookya nti omulundi-zikyusa ebbugumu ly’amasannyalaze, okutereka ebbugumu mu sizoni eri emiriraano gyonna. Obwengula obw’ebbugumu buzito mu ngeri eyeewuunyisa.
Haidrojeni: Ekintu ekiyitibwa Wildcard
Okutereka amaanyi ga haidrojeni kulina abawagizi abanyiikivu n’abavumirira ennyo, era mu butuufu, bombi balina ensonga entuufu.
Okujulira kwangu: kozesa amasannyalaze agasukkiridde agazzibwawo okugabanya amazzi mu haidrojeni ne okisigyeni (electrolysis). Teeka haidrojeni. Bw’oba weetaaga amaanyi, gadduse mu kifo ekiyitibwa fuel cell oba gayoke mu ttabiini. Haidrojeni asobola okutereka amaanyi amangi ennyo okumala ebbanga eddene ennyo-wiiki, emyezi, ne sizoni.
Okunenya kwangu kyenkanyi: obulungi bw’olugendo lw’okudda n’okudda-bwa ntiisa. Ofiirwa ebitundu 30% mu electrolysis. Ofiirwa bingi mu kunyigirizibwa oba okufuuka amazzi. Ofiirwa ebisingawo okukyusa okudda mu masannyalaze. End-okutuuka-end, oyinza okufuna 30-40% ku maanyi go agasooka okuddayo. Ekyo kigeraageranye ku 85-90% ku lithium-ion.
Kale ddi haidrojeni lw’akola amakulu? Bw’oba weetaaga okutereka amaanyi amangi ddala okumala ebbanga eddene. Bw’oba okola decarbonizing enkola z’amakolero ezeetaaga ebbugumu eringi. Bw’oba weetaaga ekintu ekitambuza amaanyi ekiyinza okutambuza ebanga eddene. Nga options endala literally tezisobola kukola mulimu.
Girimaani etadde nnyo bbeeti ku haidrojeni. Bw’atyo ne Japan bw’etyo. Australia ezimba ebikozesebwa mu kutunda ebweru w’eggwanga okusobola okusindika green hydrogen mu Asia. Oba bbeeti eno esasula kisinziira ku nsaasaanya ekka amangu okusinga bbaatule bwe zitereera-era bbaatule zitereera mangu.
Ebintu bya Ultra-Ebiseera Ebimpi-Eby'Ebbanga
Ebintu ebiyitibwa Supercapacitorsokutereka amasoboza mu ngeri y’amasannyalaze okusinga mu ngeri y’amasannyalaze. Zisobola okucaajinga n’okufulumya kumpi mu kaseera ako, okukwata obukadde n’obukadde bwa cycles, n’okuwa density y’amaanyi ey’okusaaga. Kye batasobola kukola kwe kutereka amaanyi mangi. Bbanka ya supercapacitor eringa ekintu ekitereka ebintu eyinza okutereka bbaatule eringa kkeesi ky’ekwata.
Ekifo kyabwe ekiwooma kiri ultra-okubutuka okumpi: okuzza obuggya buleeki mu nkola z’okuyita, okugonza okutuusa amaanyi mu bifo ebizzibwa obuggya, okuwa amaanyi ago agagabanya-sekonda UPS gye yeetaaga nga bbaatule tennatwala.
Okutereka amaanyi ga magineeti aga superconducting(SMES) kisingako n’okubeera eky’enjawulo. Teeka amasoboza mu kifo kya magineeti ekitondebwawo koyilo eziyitibwa superconducting coils ezinyogozeddwa okutuuka ku bbugumu erya cryogenic. Okumpi-okuddamu okw’akaseera katono, tewali kukendeera, mu bukulu obulamu bw’enzirukanya obutakoma. Naye ebisale n’obuzibu bw’okukuuma ebbugumu erya superconducting bikuumye SMES mu nkola za niche-okusinga omutindo gw’amasoboza eri semiconductor fabs n’ebifo ebirala nga ne voltage sags ez’akaseera katono zimala obukadde n’obukadde.
Okutereka Ensikirizo: Endowooza Empya Enkadde
Omutendera omulala gumu ogusaana okwogerwako: enkola ezesigamiziddwa ku gravity- ezitali za mazzi agapambiddwa.
Ekitereke ky’Amasobozaazimba enkola za crane ezituuma n’okusumulula bulooka za seminti ennene. Situla bulooka ng’amasoboza ga buseere, zikka wansi ng’oyita mu jenereta nga weetaaga amasannyalaze. It's pumped hydro nga temuli mazzi, mu bukulu.
Kkampuni endala zinoonyereza ku birombe ebisuuliddwa-okukkakkanya obuzito wansi mu shaft, okuzisitula okudda waggulu. Oba eminaala egyazimbibwa n'ekigendererwa-. Oba n’endowooza ezirimu eggaali y’omukka ezitikkiddwa amayinja ku luguudo oluserengese.
Abalamuzi bakyali bweru oba bano basobola okuvuganya mu by’enfuna. Densite y’amasoboza ag’okutereka amasoboza ag’ekisikirize mu butonde ntono-weetaaga obuzito bungi n’obugulumivu okutereka amasoboza ag’amakulu. Naye abawagira bagamba nti okukozesa ebintu eby’ebbeeyi (seminti, amayinja) ne makanika ennyangu kiyinza okukuba bbaatule ku nsaasaanya okumala ebbanga eddene-okukozesa.
Kale Kiki Ekikulu?
Bw’oba osomye okutuuka wano, oyinza okuba nga weebuuza: tekinologiya ki awangudde?
Ekibuuzo ekikyamu.
Okutereka amaanyi si katale ka muwanguzi-okutwala-kwonna. Tekinologiya ow’enjawulo akwatagana n’ebifo eby’enjawulo okusinziira ku bbanga, obudde bw’okuddamu, ekifo, ensengeka y’omuwendo, n’okukozesebwa.
Oyagala okulungamya frequency mu milliseconds? Flywheels oba bbaatule. Okwetaaga essaawa nnya ez’okukuuma ekyuma ekikola amasannyalaze g’enjuba? Lithium-ion oba bbaatule ezikulukuta. Okwetaaga okukyusakyusa amagoba agazzibwawo mu sizoni? Mpozzi haidrojeni, oba amazzi agapambiddwa singa geography ekkiriza. Okwetaaga okunyogoza ekizimbe mu kiseera ky’obwetaavu obw’oku ntikko? Okutereka ice.
Grid y’omu maaso tegenda kutambulira ku tekinologiya omu ow’okutereka. Kijja ku layeri tekinologiya omungi-supercapacitors okusobola okuddamu amangu, bbaatule okumala eddakiika okutuuka ku ssaawa, pumped hydro okusobola okutambula buli lunaku, hydrogen oba thermal okumala ebbanga eddene. Buli kifo mu spectrum y’obudde kirabika kijja kujjula tekinologiya yenna akuwa ebyenfuna ebisinga obulungi ku nkola eyo entongole.
Ekitundu ekisanyusa kiri nti ssente zigwa kumpi mu biti bino byonna. Ebisale bya bbaatule ya Lithium-ion bibadde biyitiridde. Ebisengejja amasannyalaze bigoberera enkola y’okuyiga efaananako bwetyo. Okukola bbaatule ezitambula (flow battery) kweyongera. N’amazzi agapambiddwa galaba obuyiiya n’enkola za loopu eziggaddwa-n’ebifo ebitereka amazzi wansi w’ettaka.
Emyaka kkumi egiyise, tewali na kimu ku bino ekyalabika ng’ekisobola okukolebwa mu by’enfuna ku mutendera. Kaakati? Okutereka kye kitundu ekisinga okukula amangu-mu kitongole ky’amasoboza.