Olw’okutereeza ensengeka y’amasoboza mu nsi yonna obutasalako n’enkulaakulana ey’amangu ey’amasoboza agazzibwawo, .okutereka amaanyitekinologiya agenda afuuka obuwagizi obukulu mu nkyukakyuka mu masannyalaze n’okuvuga enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna mu biseera eby’omu maaso.
Enyanjula mu tekinologiya wa bbaatule y’okutereka amaanyi
▲Okukyusa amaanyi, okutereka n’okukozesa
▲Okugabanya n’okukozesa tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi
▲Okulambika ku bbaatule ezitereka amaanyi
▲Enkola y’emirimu n’obutonde bwa bbaatule ezitereka amaanyi
▲Ebiraga omulimu n’ebigambo ebikwatagana nabyo ebya bbaatule ezitereka amaanyi
Amasoboza ge maanyi amakulu agavuga ensi era kye kintu ekikulu ekibiina ky’abantu kwe kyesigamyeko enkulaakulana. Okuva ku nkozesa y’omuliro mu kusooka okutuuka ku masannyalaze ag’ennaku zino, enkulaakulana n’okukozesa amaanyi bivuddeko enkulaakulana y’empuku era ne bibumba ensengeka y’embeera z’abantu yaffe eriwo kati.
Olw’okukula kw’obwetaavu bw’amasoboza mu nsi yonna obutasalako n’enkulaakulana ey’amangu ey’amasoboza agazzibwawo, tekinologiya wa bbaatule ezitereka amaanyi azze era afuuse empagi enkulu mu kitongole ky’amasannyalaze. Battery ezitereka amaanyi zisobola bulungi okutereka ensibuko z’amasoboza ezitasalako ng’amasannyalaze g’empewo n’enjuba ne gazifulumya mu biseera eby’obwetaavu obw’amaanyi, okukakasa nti amasannyalaze gatebenkedde. Tekinologiya ono takoma ku kukendeeza kwesigama ku mafuta g’ebintu ebikadde ag’ennono wabula era awa n’obukakafu obukulu obw’okutuuka ku nkola z’amasoboza amatono-kaboni n’amasoboza ag’omulembe.
Enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya wa bbaatule ezitereka amaanyi, okuva ku bbaatule ez’ennono eza lead-asidi okutuuka ku bbaatule ez’omulembe eza lithium-ion, n’oluvannyuma okutuuka ku bbaatule z’embeera enkalu-ezigenda okuvaayo ne bbaatule za sodium-ion, buli kiseera emenya ebizibu bya tekinologiya. Nga balongoosa obungi bw’amasoboza, okwongera ku bulamu, n’okutumbula obukuumi, bbaatule ezitereka amaanyi ziraze essuubi eddene ery’okukozesa mu bintu ng’okutereka amaanyi mu maka, entambula, n’okulungamya omukutu. Kiyinza okugambibwa nti tekinologiya wa bbaatule ezitereka amaanyi si kisumuluzo kyokka mu nkyukakyuka y’ensengeka y’amasoboza eriwo kati wabula era ye musingi gw’emikutu egy’amagezi egy’omu maaso n’enkola z’amasoboza agasaasaanyizibwa.
Tekinologiya w’okutereka amaanyi ga bbaatule eyesigamiziddwa ku lithium-
▲Enzimba n’enkola y’emirimu gya bbaatule za lithium-ion
▲Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu katodi ya bbaatule ya lithium-ion
▲Ebikozesebwa mu anode ya bbaatule ya lithium-ion
▲Lithium-ion bbaatule y’obusannyalazo
▲Okukola n’okukola bbaatule za lithium-ion
Mu 1970, MS Whittingham owa ExxonMobil yatonda bbaatule ya lithium-ion eyasooka. Yakozesa titanium disulfide ne metallic lithium nga obusannyalazo obuyitibwa positive ne negative electrodes. Mu kiseera ky’okucaajinga n’okufulumya, litiyamu ow’ekyuma anywa buli kiseera era n’akolebwa ku kiyungo ekitali kirungi, ate titanium disulfide ayingiza n’okuggyamu amasannyalaze ga litiyamu obutasalako ku kiyungo ekituufu. Enkola zino ebbiri zikyusibwakyusibwa mu bulamu bwa bbaatule bwonna, bwe kityo ne zikola bbaatule ya lithium-ion ey’okubiri nga erina vvulovumenti ya 2V.Mu 1982, R. R. Agarwal ne J. R. Selman ab’ekitongole kya Illinois Institute of Technology baazuula nti amasannyalaze ga lithium galina eky’obugagga eky’okuyingira mu graphite, enkola eno ey’amangu era ekyukakyuka...Okuva lwe yatandikibwawo, bbaatule za lithium-ion ziyise mu nkola y’okunoonyereza, okukulaakulanya, n’okukulaakulana. Olw’omulimu gwazo ogw’oku ntikko era ennyangu, zeeyongera okuyingira mu bintu eby’enjawulo, okuva ku bintu bya 3C ng’amasimu ne tabuleti okutuuka ku bitundu by’amasannyalaze ng’emmotoka ez’amasannyalaze n’ebifo ebinene-ebitereka amaanyi nga photovoltaics n’amasannyalaze g’empewo, nga kino kikwata nnyo ku bulamu bw’abantu.
Battery kye ki?
▲Ebyafaayo by’okukulaakulanya bbaatule
▲Okwanjula ku bbaatule za Lithium-ion
▲Ebifaananyi bya bbaatule za lithium-ion
▲Ebintu ebikulu mu bbaatule za lithium-ion
Battery kika kya nsibuko y’amaanyi. Okutwalira awamu ensibuko z’amasannyalaze zaawulwamu ensibuko z’amaanyi ag’omubiri n’ensibuko z’amaanyi ga kemiko. Ensonda z’amasannyalaze ag’omubiri mulimu ebyuma ebikola amasannyalaze g’enjuba, ebyuma ebikola amasannyalaze ag’ebbugumu, amasannyalaze ag’ebbugumu n’amazzi n’ebirala; ate ensibuko z’amaanyi ga kemiko zitegeeza ebyuma ebikola amasannyalaze ebisobola okukyusa butereevu amasoboza g’eddagala okufuuka amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze, kwe kugamba, bbaatule z’eddagala mu makulu aga bulijjo, oba bbaatule zokka.
Enkola za bbaatule zizze zikulaakulana okuyita mu milembe ena: bbaatule za asidi wa lead-, bbaatule za nickel-cadmium, bbaatule za nickel-metal hydride, ne bbaatule za lithium-ion. Omulimu gwa bbaatule gweyongedde okulongooka buli kiseera, era okutegeera kw’abantu ku nkola za bbaatule kweyongedde. Mu kiseera kino, bbaatule za lithium-ion ze nkola ya bbaatule eziddamu okucaajinga ezisinga okukola obulungi era ezikekkereza amaanyi, nga zikiikirira omutendera ogw’oku ntikko ogw’okunoonyereza ku bbaatule z’abantu ne tekinologiya.
Okunoonyereza n’okukulaakulanya Ebyafaayo by’ebintu ebikolebwa mu kyuma kya Lithium Iron Phosphate
▲Ebyafaayo by’enkulaakulana y’ebintu ebikolebwa mu kyuma kya lithium iron phosphate
▲Embeera ya patent ya lithium iron phosphate
▲Okunoonyereza ku nsengeka n’enkola y’ebintu ebikolebwa mu kyuma kya lithium iron phosphate
Lithium iron phosphate (LiFeP, LFP, era emanyiddwa nga lithium iron phosphate oba lithium iron phosphate) kintu kya katodi ekikozesebwa mu bbaatule za lithium-ion. Kimanyiddwa olw’obutabaawo bintu bya muwendo nga cobalt ne nickel, emiwendo gy’ebintu ebisookerwako egya wansi, n’eby’obugagga ebingi ebya phosphorus, lithium, n’ekyuma mu kibumba ky’Ensi, ebiyinza okutuukiriza obwetaavu bw’akatale obusukka mu ttani obukadde bumu buli mwaka. Nga ekintu kya katodi, lithium iron phosphate erina vvulovumenti y’emirimu ey’ekigero (3.2V), obusobozi obw’enjawulo obw’amaanyi (170mA·h/g), amaanyi ag’okufulumya amangi, obusobozi bw’okucaajinga amangu, obulamu bw’enzirukanya empanvu, n’okutebenkera okulungi wansi w’embeera z’ebbugumu eringi n’ebbugumu eringi.
Ebikozesebwa mu kukola ebintu ebikozesebwa mu kukola ebintu ebiyitibwa lithium iron phosphate
▲Ebyetaagisa mu kukola:;Ebyuma ebitabula;Ebyuma ebikaza;Ebyuma eby'okusiba,;Ebyuma ebimenya; Ebikozesebwa mu Kukebera; Nitrogen Generator;Ebyuma Ebipakiddwa.
Ebintu bya lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode bwe bikozesebwa mu kukola bbaatule za lithium-ion, ebyetaago by’obulongoofu bwabyo, phase, n’obucaafu bwabyo biba bikaluba nnyo. Okugeza, diguli y’okwokya (oxidation degree) y’ekyuma kya divalent mu LFP bwe etuuka ku 1%, obusobozi obw’enjawulo busobola okukendeera okusukka ebitundu 30%. Kino kiri bwe kityo kubanga ekyuma ekipya ekikoleddwa mu ngeri ya trivalent kibikka kungulu kwa LFP, ne kikola oluwuzi olukola (reactive layer) oluziyiza ensengekera endala ez’omunda. Singa LFP eba yafuuka dda oxidized, enkola z’okukendeeza eziddako teziyinza kuvaamu LFP kubanga ion za lithium mu bigimusa zabula dda.
Okuteekateeka ebintu bya lithium iron phosphate nga tukozesa enkola ya ferrous oxalate
▲Omusingi gw’okugatta
▲Ebintu ebisookerwako ebikolebwa mu butonde
▲Enkola y’okugatta
▲Enkola y’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu butonde
Enkola y’okusengejja lithium iron phosphate nga tukozesa ferrous oxalate nga ekigimusa eyitibwa enkola ya ferrous oxalate (oba enkola ya ferrous yokka). Mu kiseera kino, enkola ya ferrous oxalate y’enkola n’enkola esinga okukozesebwa mu China, ng’abakola ebintu mu ggwanga abasoba mu kitundu bagikozesa. Ebirungi byayo ebikulu kwe kusaasaanya ssente entono ez’ebintu ebisookerwako, enkola ennyangu, n’okufuga okwangu emigerageranyo gy’ebirungo.
Okuteekateeka ebintu bya lithium iron phosphate nga tuyita mu kukendeeza ku bugumu bwa kaboni
▲Omusingi gw’okugatta
▲Ebintu ebisookerwako ebikolebwa mu butonde
▲Enkola y’okugatta
▲Enkola y’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu butonde
Mu bakola ebintu ebikola ebintu bya lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), enkola ya carbothermal reduction mu kiseera kino ye tekinologiya ow’okubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa oluvannyuma lw’enkola ya ferrous oxalate. Ekigimusa kyayo ekikulu ye kyuma kya ferric (Fe2PO4), omuli ekyuma ekiyitibwa iron phosphate (Fe2PO4) ne iron oxide (Fe2O3). Mu kiseera ky’ensengekera, kaboni (C) ne kaboni monokisayidi (C2O3) bikendeeza ku kyuma kya ferric (Fe2PO4) okudda mu kyuma ekifuuse ekyuma (Fe2+), oluvannyuma ekiyingira mu kisenge kya kirisitaalo, ne kikola ensengekera ya kirisitaalo eya lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4).
Ekirungi ekiri mu nkola y’okukendeeza ku bbugumu lya kaboni kiri nti okufuuka omukka (oxidation) kw’ebintu ebisookerwako tekyetaagisa kulowoozebwako nga birongooseddwa; enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okutabula zisobola okukozesebwa okulongoosa ebigimusa okutuuka ku mbeera y’okusaasaana eyagala. Ku mutendera gwa bbugumu eringi lyokka kaboni y’akendeeza ku kyuma kya ferric okudda mu kyuma kya ferrous, n’akola lithium iron phosphate, era kye kiva kiyitibwa enkola y’okukendeeza carbothermal. Enkola y’okukendeeza ku bbugumu lya kaboni etuuka ku kukendeeza ku mutendera gumu-, ekendeeza ku ggaasi afuluma, era ya mugaso mu kulongoosa amakungula. Mu kiseera kye kimu, enkola y’okugatta nnyangu era nnyangu okufuga, ekivaako omuwendo gwa kkampuni okweyongera okwettanira enkola y’okukendeeza ku bbugumu lya kaboni.
Okuteekateeka ebikozesebwa mu kyuma kya lithium iron phosphate mu bbugumu ly’amazzi
▲Omusingi gw’okugatta
▲Ebintu ebisookerwako ebikolebwa mu butonde
▲Enkola y’okugatta
▲Enkola y’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu butonde
Enkola ya hydrothermal nkola ya mulembe nnyo ey’okuteekateeka ebintu bya lithium iron phosphate cathode. Enkola yaayo enkulu ekozesa enkola ya supercritical hydrothermal system, okusaanuusa ferrous sulfate, lithium hydroxide, ne phosphoric acid mu mazzi, okubugumya ekisengejjero okutuuka ku diguli ezisukka mu 100 mu mbeera enzibe okukola ekisengejjero ky’amazzi eky’ebbugumu eringi-, puleesa enkulu-. Enzirukanya eno egenda mu maaso okuyita mu kusaasaana kwa ion, okuvaamu obutundutundu bwa kirisitaalo ya lithium iron phosphate. Olwo ekintu ekirongoofu ekya lithium iron phosphate kisengejebwa, ne kikalira, ne kisiigibwa kaboni-okukola ekirungo kya lithium iron phosphate/carbon composite.
Enkola eza bulijjo ez’okugezesa n’okwekenneenya ebintu ebya lithium iron phosphate
▲Okwekenenya ebirungo by’eddagala n’enkola y’okugezesa ebintu bya lithium iron phosphate
▲Enkola z’okugezesa eby’obutonde ku bintu bya lithium iron phosphate
▲Enkola z’okugezesa omulimu gw’amasannyalaze ku bintu bya lithium iron phosphate
▲Okwekenenya Enkozesa Entuufu ey’Ebikozesebwa mu Lithium Iron Phosphate
Ku bintu bya lithium iron phosphate (LFP), okugezesa tekinologiya omukulu, n’okusingawo okufuga enkola y’okusengejja. Awatali data entuufu era entuufu ey’okugezesa, embeera z’enkola ezitebenkedde teziyinza kufunibwa, era bwe kityo, ebintu bya LFP ebirina ebisaanyizo ebituukana n’ebisaanyizo by’okukozesa tebisobola kukolebwa. Okugezesa ebintu mu ngeri enkakali kyetaagisa mu nkola yonna ey’okufulumya, okuva ku kugula ebintu ebisookerwako n’okubigatta okutuuka ku kwekenneenya ebintu ebiwedde. N’olwekyo, yuniti yonna enoonyereza n’okufulumya LFP erina okussa essira ddene ku kuzimba enkola yaayo ey’okugezesa. Okukozesa ebyuma ebigezi eby’okugezesa, enkola enkakali ez’okugezesa, n’abakozi abatendeke obulungi-abagezesa bukwakkulizo bukulu kkampuni okukuuma ekifo kyayo mu mulimu guno.
Okwekenenya eby’obugagga ebirala eby’engeri y’ebintu bya lithium iron phosphate
▲Okwekenenya emirimu gy’amasannyalaze mu bintu ebikolebwa mu kyuma kya lithium iron phosphate
▲Okwekenenya enkula y’obusannyalazo obutonotono (electron microscopic morphology analysis) kw’ebintu ebikolebwa mu kyuma kya lithium iron phosphate
▲Amasoboza ag’okungulu ag’ebintu ebikolebwa mu kyuma kya lithium iron phosphate
▲Okupima okusaanuuka kw’ekyuma mu bintu bya lithium iron phosphate
▲Engeri za spectroscopic ez’ebintu ebikolebwa mu kyuma kya lithium iron phosphate
Mu kukozesa mu nkola ebintu bya lithium iron phosphate, ng’oggyeeko okugezesebwa kw’omutindo okwa bulijjo, era kyetaagisa okupima ebimu ku bikozesebwa ebitongole okusobola okuwa ekijuliziddwa ku kwekenneenya omulimu gw’ebintu n’enkola z’okukola bbaatule. Olw’okukulaakulana kwa tekinologiya, ebimu ku bipimo edda ebyali bisobola okupimibwa nga tukozesa obutoffaali obujjuvu bwokka kati bisobola okuzuulibwa nga tukozesa enkola ennyangu. Okugeza, enkola y’enzirukanya y’ebintu bya lithium iron phosphate naddala enkola y’enzirukanya ya kaboni, kati esobola okwekenneenyezebwa nga tukozesa obutoffaali bw’ensimbi obukoleddwa mu ngeri ey’enjawulo, ekyanguyiza ennyo enkola y’okupima.
Tekinologiya w’okukola bbaatule nga bakozesa ebintu ebiyitibwa lithium iron phosphate
▲Ebikwata ku nkola ya bbaatule ya lithium iron phosphate dizayini
▲Tekinologiya w’okuteekateeka slurry ebintu bya lithium iron phosphate
▲Okusiiga ekikuta kya lithium iron phosphate
▲Okuyiringisibwa kw’obusannyalazo bwa lithium iron phosphate
▲Enkyukakyuka n’okugabanya
▲Ebyokulabirako ebirala eby’okukola bbaatule
Ku bbaatule yonna eya lithium-ion, dizayini esooka gwe mulimu omukulu. Omulimu gwa dizayini guzingiramu okuzuula enkola y’okukola bbaatule ya lithium-ion. Okuva omulimu gwa bbaatule bwe gusinga okusalibwawo obusannyalazo, dizayini y’obusannyalazo kye kintu ekikulu mu nkola y’okukola bbaatule. Kino kituufu ne ku bbaatule za lithium iron phosphate.
Ebitundu ebikulu ebikozesebwa bbaatule za lithium iron phosphate
▲Okukozesa bbaatule za lithium iron phosphate mu byuma ebitambuza amasannyalaze
▲Okukozesa bbaatule za lithium iron phosphate mu masannyalaze agatereka amaanyi
▲Okukozesa bbaatule za lithium iron phosphate mu bikozesebwa eby’amasannyalaze
▲Okukozesa bbaatule za lithium iron phosphate
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) kye kintu kya cathode ekya bbaatule za lithium-ion, era enkizo yaakyo esinga obunene bwe bukuumi bwayo obw’amaanyi. Era erina ebirungi ebibulamu ebintu ebisatu ebya lithium manganese oxide ne nickel-manganese-cobalt, gamba ng’obulamu obuwanvu obw’enzirukanya, ebbeeyi y’ebintu entono, n’ensibuko z’ebintu ebisookerwako ebingi. Battery za LFP zirina vvulovumenti enywevu, vvulovumenti y’emirimu ey’ekigero, zikwatagana bulungi n’enkola za electrolyte, tezirina butwa-, tezirina kikolwa kya kujjukira, era tezicaafuwaza butonde. Amasoboza gazo ag’enjawulo gasobola okutuuka ku 100–130 Wh/kg, nga gano gakubisaamu emirundi 0.3–5 aga bbaatule za lead-asidi n’emirundi 1.5 egya bbaatule za nickel-metal hydride. Okusinziira ku birungi byayo ebingi, etwalibwa nga bbaatule ennungi eri mmotoka ez’amasannyalaze, okutereka amaanyi g’empewo n’enjuba, ne bbaatule ezikuuma obukuumi ezikozesebwa awaka.
Endowooza y'ebintu ebirala ebya Cathode ku bbaatule za Lithium-ion
▲Ekintu kya katodi kya lithium vanadium phosphate -
▲Ekintu kya katodi kya lithium manganese phosphate
▲Ekintu kya katodi eky’ekyuma kya lithium silikati
▲Ekintu kya lithium kyuma borate cathode
▲Ebintu bya katodi ebirimu layeri ezirimu lithium-ebingi
Okuvaayo kw’ebintu bya lithium iron phosphate (LFP) kwassaawo omusingi gwa ssaayansi w’ebintu olw’okukozesa ennyo bbaatule ennene-lithium-ion.
Nga bwe kimanyiddwa obulungi, obukuumi bwa bbaatule za lithium-ion bulijjo bubadde nsonga nkulu era nkulu eziyiza enkulaakulana y’amakolero. Ne mu nsi ezaakulaakulana ezirina eby’obugagga ebinywevu n’ebyuma ebikola obulungi, obukuumi bwa bbaatule za lithium-ion tebusobola kukakasibwa mu bujjuvu. Okusinziira ku mutindo omutono ogw’okukola bbaatule za lithium-ion mu nsi yange mu kiseera kino, LFP etuukira bulungi-n’embeera z’eggwanga lyange, erongoosa nnyo obukuumi bwa bbaatule.